I don’t know why it’s called ‘Gramshaw Terrace’ – I’ve not found any very prominent Gramshaws in the area.

I have, though, found a poem written by a Wilton man about ‘tha jolly Squire Gramshaa’.

I don’t know whether the Squire Gramshaw was a real person or a work of fiction, still less whether he has any connection with ‘Gramshaw Terrace’, but I am interested in the poem so I thought I’d write about it.

First, I’ve reproduced the poem in full. After that, for your delight and delectation, I’ve annotated it, as best I can, with notes about the meanings of words and phrases.

‘Tha Hurcott Hunt’ by Edward Slow

Hay ho ” tally ho,” away we da go,
At a rattlin pe-ace ael tagether ;
Ta join tha girt meet, at Squire Gramshaas
Wie hearts as light as a veather,

Vrom village, an town, an miles aroun,
Every spourtsmin zure ta be there,
Tha young, an tha woold, we courage za bwold
Seage matrons, an gay maidens vair.

Chorus
Var tis a gran, an a glorious day,
When Hurcott covers, we da draa
We teast tha good cheer, an drink long life
To tha jolly Squire Gramshaa.

Girt lards, an squires, in their scarlit cwoats
Big merchants, an rich bainkers too.
An varmers, za jolly, on usevul woold hacks.
We noses zom rid, and zom blue.

Mine host a tha D—- we tradesvoke we zee,
Shoemeakers, tinkers, an tailors,
We artisans slim, an leabourers stout.
Here, and there, zodjers, an zailers.

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

A cheervul zite tis, around the woold house.
To look on thic gay motley drong ;
Ta zee how thay greet, to hear ow thay cheer,
Tha Squire, in hurrahs, loud an long ;

A right jolly welcome, ta ael he da gie,
Tha rich, and tha poor every one :
Var peer, an var pesant, his teable is spread
All’s welcome, to veast, an to vun.

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

Well prim’d we good cheer, ael hasten away,
Ta copse, wie a rush an scramble.
An many a spill, ar ugly scratch get.
As they hurry droo bracken and bramble.

Hark ! hark ! ” tally ho,” tha hounds take scent,
An Stovin, tha harn gins ta zound
An now tha hoods, rezound wie tha spoiirt,
Var ael is excitement around.

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

Athirt tha hard road, an droo thorny hedge,
Sly rennard a quickly, da hie.
Tha hounds voller up, droo varmer Drews vields,
Thay he atter un, now in vull cry.

Ta Ivors away, be zide a tha hill,
Var dear life, a madly da race.
An hill, an dale, var miles around,
Re-ecker tha crys, a tha chase.

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

Poor rennard alas, is beginnen ta vlag
Var he’s woold, an shart is his breath,
Tha hounds be on un, an now ael the vield
Hurries up, to be in at tha death.

An to tha young maiden, vust on the spot,
Stovins bans up, tha coveted brush.
Which we pride, she accepts, mid diffnin cheers,
An her rosy cheeks geans then to blush.

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

Back ta cover agean, away goo the hounds ;
An a vrisky young vox, is zoon vound
Like lightnin away, to Ivors he vlees.
An auver steep hill at a bound.

An hossmen an vootmin, many a mile,
Vollies hounds an huntsmin an whip
An garses, an thickets, an coppice, be draa’d
Bit a manag’d ta gie ess tha shp.

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

Vast tha zun is gwain down, behine Shaston-hill
An apeace comes on gloomy night.
An keen vrosty winds beginnen ta blow,
Main keen too is hache appetite,

Well tired a spourt, var wom we da turn,
Vrens to greet, be tha girt Crismis vire
Days dooin ta releat, and wind up at last,
We a bumper, to tha jolly good Squire.

Chorus.
Var tis a gran, an a glorious day,
When Hurcott covers, we da draa
An long may we live, ta join the spourt
We the worthy Squire Gramshaa.

Tha Annotated Hurcott Hunt

‘Tha Hurcott Hunt’ was written by Edward Slow

I first thought that Slow had collected local poems and songs, like a Wiltshire Alan Lomax or Cecil Sharp, but he wrote them himself. However the poems were based on local events and stories. He writes in the introduction that he:

incorporated some few original Wiltshire tales, also many quaint sayings and stories which I believe have never before appeared in print. The majority of them have been gleaned from our peasantry, and every one founded upon fact

‘Tha Hurcott Hunt’ was included in his Fifth Collection, which was published in 1894.

Image from Amazon

Edward Slow lived in Wilton. I’m not sure whether ‘Hurcott’ is ‘Hurdcott’ or not. My guess would be that it is², but I’ve not so far found a reference to an actual ‘Hurdcott Hunt’

The Hunt probably takes place at a Christmas in the mid to late 1880s.

Hay ho ” tally ho,” away we da go,	Hay ho, Tally ho, away we do go
At a rattlin pe-ace ael tagether ;	At a rattling pace, all together
Ta join tha girt meet, at Squire Gramshaas	To join the great meet, at Squire Gramshaw’s
Wie hearts as light as a veather,	With hearts as light as a feather

The phrase ‘Tally-ho’ first appeared in print in 1772³. It’s believed to be derived from the French ‘taiaut‘ or ‘taille haut‘. ‘Taille haut’ means, in this context, ‘sword high’. It was a command to raise swords before battle⁴.

The word ‘girt’ means ‘great’ or ‘great big’. I still occasionally hear people say ‘girt’. It’s nearly always in the context of something that’s big and effective but basic – so you’d talk of ‘girt, big boots’, but not perhaps a ‘girt, big church’.

The Wurzels have songs featuring:

girt dollop of spaghetti; put on thy girt big hat; girt big ‘ats ‘n’ cloaks; girt big blackthorn stick⁵

Image from Amazon

Vrom village, an town, an miles aroun,	From village and town and miles around
Every spourtsmin zure ta be there,	Every sportsman sure to be there
Tha young, an tha woold, we courage za bwold	The young and the old, with courage so bold
Seage matrons, an gay maidens vair.	Sage matrons, and gay maidens fair

The use of the word ‘sportsman’ here means somebody who joins in the hunt.

The third line recalls a similar one in the Irish folk song ‘Spancil Hill’⁶:

It been on the twenty-third of June
The day before the fair
When Irelands sons and daughters
And friends assembled there
The young, the old, the brave and the bold
Came their duty to fulfill
At the parish church in Clooney
A mile from Spancil Hill⁷

The two songs have at least one similar aspect. ‘Tha Hurcott Hunt’ describes one great country gathering and Spancil Hill is set just before another – the Spancil Hill Fair⁸

Image from Amazon

Chorus

Var tis a gran, an a glorious day,	For it’s a grand and glorious day
When Hurcott covers, we da draa	When Hurcott entertains, we come
We teast tha good cheer, an drink long life	We toast with good cheer, and drink to a long life
To tha jolly Squire Gramshaa.	To the jolly Squire Grimshaw

There are a couple of possible locations for ‘Hurcott‘ locally. If we assume that it is actually ‘Hurdcott’, then there are two ‘Hurdcott Houses’ which might have been the base for ‘Tha Hurcott Hunt’. These are:

• Hurdcott House in Winterbourne⁹ – which is early to mid 19th Century, located in the Bourne valley close to the village of Hurdcott
• Hurdcott House in Barford Saint Martin¹⁰ – which is in the Nadder Valley, close to Fovant. The house was taken over by the Australian Imperial Force in the First World War¹¹.

To start with, I assumed ‘Hurcott’ referred to the former because I didn’t know of Hurdcott near Barford. However, the Barford Hurdcott is a much better ‘fit’. There’s a reference to Shaston Hill later in the poem – the Barford Hurcott is between Wilton and Shaston (Shaftesbury). Also Edward Slow was from Wilton, so would look more to the west of Salisbury than the north.

My guess here is that ‘draa‘ means ‘draw’, and the sense here is ‘draw near’ or, perhaps, ‘be attracted’ (as in the phrase ‘An Elvis comeback at Salisbury City Hall would be a big draw’.

In turn, this would mean that ‘Gramshaa‘ would now be rendered ‘Gramshaw’, as in ‘Gramshaw Terrace’.

This translation of ‘aa’ to ‘aw’ is reflected in a page on local dialect in County Durham. The author has several examples:

aaful – awful
craalin alang – crawling along
draa – draw: “draa me whip” (i.e. from stores)
straaberries – strawberries¹²

Girt lards, an squires, in their scarlit cwoats	Great lords, and squires in their scarlet coats
Big merchants, an rich bainkers too.	Big merchants and rich bankers too
An varmers, za jolly, on usevul woold hacks.	And farmers, so jolly, on useful old hacks
We noses zom rid, and zom blue.	With noses, some red and some blue

The word ‘hack’ is interesting. I think there are two overlapping groups of meanings – the two groups having separate origins.

The first set of meanings comes from Early Middle English ‘hack-en‘, which in turn derives from the West Germanic ‘hakkon‘. It means to

“to cut roughly, cut with chopping blows,”¹³

.

From this root, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, comes ‘hack’ in the sense of kicking a football opponent and ‘hack’ in the sense of breaking into a computer system.

The second set of meanings comes from the placename ‘Hackney’, and it means something or someone very ordinary or for hire. The Online Etymology Dictionary explains that this is because

Apparently nags were raised on the pastureland there in early medieval times. Extended sense of “horse for hire” (late 14c.) led naturally to “broken-down nag,” and also “prostitute” (1570s) and “drudge” (1540s). Sense of “carriage for hire” (1704) led to modern slang for “taxicab.” As an adjective, 1734, from the noun. Hack writer is first recorded 1826, though hackney writer is at least 50 years earlier. Hack-work is recorded from 1851¹⁴.

The OED gives a number of meanings, including:

A horse let out for hire; depreciatively, a sorry or worn out horse; a jade.

A horse for ordinary riding, as distinguished from cross-country, military, or other special riding; a saddle-horse for the road.The word implies technically a half-bred horse with more bone and substance than a thorough-bred.

cover-hack, covert-hack, a horse for riding to the ‘meet’, or to the covert, where he is exchanged for the hunter. ¹⁵

In any case the ‘usevul woold hacks’ are serviceable but not thoroughbred animals.

Image from Amazon

Mine host a tha D—- we tradesvoke we zee,	My host, to the Devil, with tradesfolk we see
Shoemeakers, tinkers, an tailors,	Shoemakers, tinkers, and tailors,
We artisans slim, an leabourers stout.	With artisans slim, and labourers stout
Here, and there, zodjers, an zailers.	Here and there soldiers and sailors

I don’t follow the first line here. In Victorian literature I’ve understood ‘D—-’ to mean the ‘Devil’¹⁶, but even if ‘mine host’ doesn’t get on with tradesman, the line doesn’t really make sense to me.

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

A cheervul zite tis, around the woold house.	A cheerful sight this, around the old house
To look on thic gay motley drong ;	To look on this gay motley throng
Ta zee how thay greet, to hear ow thay cheer,	To see how they greet, to hear how they cheer
Tha Squire, in hurrahs, loud an long ;	The Squire in hurrahs, loud and long;

Both Hurdcotts have large houses which might be ‘the woold house’.

The meaning of the word ‘squire’ has changed over time. The word derives from Latin word for shield ‘scut‘. The squire ranked directly below the knight, and the squire carried the knights shield¹⁷. In ‘The Sword in The Stone’, the future king, Arthur is the squire of the boorish Kay who is training to be a knight.

However, by the 1670s, ‘squire’ applies to a ‘country gentleman [or] landed proprietor’¹⁸.

In the 20th Century ‘Esquire’ turned into ‘an unofficial title of respect, having no precise significance, sometimes placed, especially in its abbreviated form, after a man’s surname in formal written address’¹⁹

Image from Amazon

A right jolly welcome, ta ael he da gie,	A right jolly welcome, to all he did give
Tha rich, and tha poor every one :	The rich, and the poor every one :
Var peer, an var pesant, his teable is spread	For peer and for peasant, his table is spread
All’s welcome, to veast, an to vun.	All’s welcome to feast and to fun

The word ‘peer’ has two meanings. The first is one’s equals or colleagues – as in the phrase ‘to be judged by ones peers’.

The second is the ‘peers of the realm’, which I think is a synonym for ‘Lords’. ‘Peer’ here is used in the latter sense – ‘peer’ contrasts with ‘peasant’.

The letter ‘v‘ in the song seems to translate to ‘f‘. I’m not sure whether this is a change in the language, or whether it is just the writer rendering the local dialect phonetically. Anyway, ‘veast‘ is probably ‘feast’. ‘Vun‘ would therefore be ‘fun’. ‘Fun’ seems to me to be too modern a word, somehow, but it dates back to at least 1727²⁰.

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

Well prim’d we good cheer, ael hasten away,	Well primed with good cheer, all hasten away
Ta copse, wie a rush an scramble.	To copse, with a rush and a scramble
An many a spill, ar ugly scratch get.	And many a spill, or ugly scratch got
As they hurry droo bracken and bramble.	As they hurry through bracken and bramble.

‘Primed with good cheer’ means ‘put into a happy mood’. To me, it implies that strong drink has been taken. This may say more about me than the poem!

Hark ! hark ! ” tally ho,” tha hounds take scent,	Hark ! hark ! ” tally ho,” the hounds take scent,
An Stovin, tha harn gins ta zound	And Stovin, the horns starts to sound
An now tha hoods, rezound wie tha spoiirt,	And now the woods, resound with the sport
Var ael is excitement around.	For all is excitement around

I wasn’t sure what ‘Stovin‘ meant, but suspected it might be somebody’s surname. After a bit of googling, it seems that it may be reference to a particular person – ‘Dick Stovin’.

The 1904 book ‘With Hound And Terrier In The Field: Hunting Reminiscences’ by Alys Serrell and Frances Slaughter says that:

The reputation of Dick Stovin was made when he was huntsman to Lord Valentia in the Bicester country. So good was the sport Master and huntsman then showed that the time may be looked on as the golden age of the Bicester. From the Bicester Stovin went to the Heythrop, after a short time with Lord Pembroke.

So popular was he with all classes in the country where he had been nine seasons that he received quite a splendid testimonial on his departure. From the ladies of the hunt this took the form of an exquisitely chased horn, together with a handsome offering from the Master. Another from the keepers and earth-stoppers was given him, with a purse containing 800 sovereigns.

Among the long list of names of the subscribers to the gifts is that of Prince Albert Victor²¹.

Prince Albert Victor was the eldest son of Edward VII²². Had he not died (in 1892) he would have become king.

In the context of Salisbury and Gramshaw Road, the mention here of Lord Pembroke is interesting. Although I’ve no idea, really, where ‘Tha Hurcott Hunt’ took place it could be that it was on land owned by the Earl of Pembroke – the Pembrokes own Wilton House, near Salisbury, and much of the surrounding area.

‘Hoods‘ here means ‘woods’. This seems to be a fairly common rendering of the word. The name ‘Robin Hood’, for example, has been derived as ‘Robin of the Woods’. The Encyclopedia Britannica says that:

Hood is a very usual dialectal form of wood; and in his play Edward the First, George Peele actually alludes to the bandit as ” Robin of the Wood.” ²³

T.H. White too, calls Robin ‘Robin Wood’.

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

Athirt tha hard road, an droo thorny hedge,	Across the hard road and through thorny hedge
Sly rennard a quickly, da hie.	Sly reynard he quickly does go
Tha hounds voller up, droo varmer Drews vields,	The hounds follow up, through Farmer Drew’s fields
Thay he atter un, now in vull cry.	Then he utters one, now in full cry

‘Renard‘ is the French word for fox. ‘Reynard‘ is a mischievious character from French fairy-tables which is supposed to have been the basis for Walt Disney’s cartoon version of Robin Hood²⁴.

‘Athirt‘ means ‘across’²⁵ and ‘hie is to ‘go quickly’²⁶.

Ta Ivors away, be zide a tha hill,	To Ivors away, beside of the hill
Var dear life, a madly da race.	For dear life he madly does race
An hill, an dale, var miles around,	From hill, From dale, for miles around
Re-ecker tha crys, a tha chase.	Re-echo the cries of the chase

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

I don’t know the significance of ‘Ivors’ here. It could be that it’s a reference to a local landowner i.e. the fox runs tthrough Ivor’s farm.

This doesn’t quite ring true to me though. ‘Ivors’ is mentioned again later in the poem. It seems more likely that Ivors is some sort of thing that both foxes flee towards rather than a specific area. The latter seems too coincidental.

Update on Ivors – I think I understand what ‘Ivors’ means, and it probably also determines the location of ‘Tha Hurcott Hunt’ itself.

Looking at this old map which shows one of the ‘Hurdcott Houses’ you can see an area marked as ‘Burcombe Ivers’ – it’s directly south of ‘Barford Saint Martin’ towards the bottom of the map:

In close up:

I googled ‘Iver’ rather than ‘Ivors’ and found a lot more detail. A Wikipedia entry for a Buckinghamshire village called Iver says that the name of the village is derived from:

Evreham or homestead by the brow of a hill ²⁷

The ‘brow of a hill’ fits Burcombe Ivers quite nicely – from the map it’s on the edge of the Ridgeway between Wilton and Shaftesbury.

There’s a possible reference to Burcombe Ivers itself in an article in the Cambridge Archaeological Journal called ‘Round Barrows and Dykes as Landscape Metaphors’. The author, Christopher Tilley writes the following:

Along it, usually just to the south of the very highest ground, runs the former Shaftesbury to Salisbury turnpike road. Arable land is now characteristic along the ridge top but with the steep scarp slopes remaining unploughed and under pasture. Below the northern scarps, small woods or copses, sometimes called Ivers, still remain.²⁸

Finally on ‘Ivors’, there’s a reference to Burcombe Ivers in a hunting diary that was offered for auction in 2005

The manuscript was titled ‘Fox Hunting’ It is dated 1784, and written by the Master of the Cranborne Chase Fox-hounds, Thomas Grove (who was an uncle by marriage to Shelley). One of the passages quoted in the description is as follows:

“March 21 Found a fox in the Furze by the Hare Warren & ran him into Burcombe Ivers where he ran short for half an Hour & then went to Earth. We dug him & killed him on the Earth.” ²⁹

Poor rennard alas, is beginnen ta vlag	Poor Reynard alas, is beginning to flag
Var he’s woold, an shart is his breath,	For he’s old, and short of his breath
Tha hounds be on un, an now ael the vield	The hounds are upon him, and now all the field
Hurries up, to be in at tha death.	Hurries up, to be in at the death

‘Being in at the death’ refers to the death of ‘poor Reynard’, the fox. The phrase has passed from the context of fox-hunting into the wider language. It now means:

Involved in or present at the end, especially a disastrous end but sometimes merely the climax of an important event.³⁰

An to tha young maiden, vust on the spot,	And to the young maiden who is first on the spot,
Stovins bans up, tha coveted brush.	Stovins hands up the coveted brush
Which we pride, she accepts, mid diffnin cheers,	Which with pride she accepts amid deafening cheers
An her rosy cheeks geans then to blush.	And her rosy cheeks begin then to blush

The ‘brush’ in line 2, is the tail of the fox. Traditionally, the pads (feet), brush (tail) and mask (face) of the fox were removed and kept as trophies.

I think the 4th line could have two meanings. It could simply be that the young maiden is blushing amid all the deafening cheers. Alternatively it could refer to the custom of ‘blooding’:

an informal initiation ceremony in which the face of a novice is smeared with the blood of the first fox that person has seen killed.³¹

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

Back ta cover agean, away goo the hounds ;	Back to cover again, away go the hounds
An a vrisky young vox, is zoon vound	And a frisky young fox is soon found
Like lightnin away, to Ivors he vlees.	Like lightening away, to Ivors he flees
An auver steep hill at a bound.	And over a steep hill at a bound

Here is the second fox fleeing to ‘Ivors.’

An hossmen an vootmin, many a mile,	And horsemen, and footmen, many a mile
Vollies hounds an huntsmin an whip	Follows hounds and huntsmen and whip
An garses, an thickets, an coppice, be draa’d	And gorses and thickets and coppice be drawed
Bit a manag’d ta gie ess tha shp.	But he managed to give us the slip

The vegetation mentioned in the third line is:

gorses – is “any spiny shrub of the genus Ulex, of the legume family, native to the Old World, especially U. europaeus, having rudimentary leaves and yellow flowers and growing in waste places and sandy soil.³²“

thickets – a thick or dense growth of shrubs, bushes, or small trees; a thick coppice. ³³

coppice – a thicket or dense growth of small trees or bushes, esp one regularly trimmed back to stumps so that a continual supply of small poles and firewood is obtained³⁴

Draa’d (drawn) here probably refers to “The act of encouraging the hounds through a covert in search of a quarry.³⁵“

Chorus : Var tis a gran, &c.

Vast tha zun is gwain down, behine Shaston-hill	Fast the sun is going down, behind Shaftesbury Hill.
An apeace comes on gloomy night.	And at pace comes on gloomy night
An keen vrosty winds beginnen ta blow,	And keen frosty winds beginning to blow
Main keen too is hache appetite,	Very keen to is our appetite

The name ‘Shaston’, as an alternative to ‘Shaftesbury’, is often associated with Thomas Hardy. Hardy made up fictional names for his real locations – Dorchester was re-named Casterbridge, Salisbury became Melchester and so on. However, ‘Shaston’ pre-dates Hardy. For example, the 1859 ‘Local etymology; a derivative dictionary of geographical names‘ says that

It [Shaftesbury] is sometimes called Shaston, and Shafton.³⁶

This predates Hardy, who was first published in 1865³⁷.

Incidentally, another alternative name for Shaftesbury used by Hardy is Palladour ³⁸. The same section of the ‘Local Etymology’ book says

the British name [for Shaftesbury] is said to have been Caer-pell-o-ddivr, “the stronghold far from water,” and if so, the Saxons might have mistaken Caer-pell-O’ddwr for Caer Paladr, which would mean Shaft-bury”.³⁹

Image from Amazon

I can’t find a meaning for ‘hache’. In French it relates to minced food, as in ‘steak hachee’ – the word being derived from the same root as ‘axe’.

Well tired a spourt, var wom we da turn,	Well tired from the sport, for home we do turn
Vrens to greet, be tha girt Crismis vire	Friends to greet, by the great Christmas fire
Days dooin ta releat, and wind up at last,	The days doings to relate, and wind up at last
We a bumper, to tha jolly good Squire.	With a bumper to the jolly good Squire

A ‘bumper’ is “a glass filled to the brim (especially as a toast)⁴⁰“.

I think it’s also now used to describe a particular sort of glass – a fairly solid one holding about half a pint.

I would assume that the word bumper might derive from the custom of touching glasses together before drinking, but I don’t know.

Chorus.

Var tis a gran, an a glorious day,
When Hurcott covers, we da draa
An long may we live, ta join the spourt
We the worthy Squire Gramshaa.

Related Posts

• New Zealand Avenue, Salisbury
• Roman Road SP2
• Skew Bridge Road SP2, Skew Road SP2

Footnotes

1. Semgonline – Salisbury
2. The nearest ‘Hurcott’ is in Somerset
3. Tallyho – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
4. Tally-ho – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
5. Wurzelmania: The Adge Cutler & The Wurzels Encyclopaedia. Made In Somerset!
6. There’s currently video of the Pogues and Christy Moore performing Spancil Hill on Youtube at Christy Moore & Shane MacGowan(pogues) Spancil HILL – YouTube
7. Spancil Hill
8. Spancil Hill is near Ennis, in the County Clare
9. Hurdcott House – Winterbourne – Wiltshire – England | British Listed Buildings
10. Wiltshire County Council – Wiltshire and Swindon Archive Catalogue – Archive Information
11. Wiltshire Council – Wiltshire Community History Get Community Information
12. Ushaw Moor Historical Website – Local Dialect Pit Talk -
13. hack, v.1 Second edition, 1989; online version December 2011. ; accessed 27 February 2012. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1898
14. Online Etymology Dictionary
15. Second edition, 1989; online version December 2011. ; accessed 27 February 2012. Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1898.
16. This is discussed at http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/27916/were-devil-and-damned-really-offensive-words-in-victorian-times and also http://www.informatics.sussex.ac.uk/department/docs/punctuation/node25.html
17. Online Etymology Dictionary
18. Online Etymology Dictionary
19. Esquire | Define Esquire at Dictionary.com
20. Online Etymology Dictionary
21. Full text of “With hound and terrier in the field : hunting reminiscences”
22. Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
23. Robin Hood
24. See Robin Hood (1973 film) – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia and SMALL ROOM: ROBIN HOOD CONFIDENTIAL pt. 2 : Keith Ward’s “Reynard the Fox”
25. The Wessex of romance by Wilkinson Sherren
26. hie – definition of hie by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia.
27. Iver – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
28. Round Barrows and Dykes as Landscape Metaphors – Christopher Tilley, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 14:2, 185-203
29. Fox Hunting.- Grove (Thomas, Master of the Cranbo : Lot 60D
30. What does “in at the death” mean? | “in at the death” meaning – also Death | Define Death at Dictionary.com
31. Blooding | Define Blooding at Dictionary.com
32. gorse. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gorse (accessed: March 13, 2012).
33. thickets. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/thickets (accessed: March 13, 2012).
34. Definition of Coppice from dictionary.net
35. Hunting Terms
36. Full text of “Local etymology; a derivative dictionary of geographical names”
37. Thomas Hardy: A Chronology
38. Jude the Obscure/Part 4/Chapter 1 – Wikisource
39. Full text of “Local etymology; a derivative dictionary of geographical names”
40. WordNet Search – 3.1